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Richard III - The Last King To Die In Battle
The Last Plantagenet Monarch and His Significant Contributions to British Heritage.
Richard III (1452–1485), the last king from the House of York and the final monarch of the historic Plantagenet dynasty, presided as the King of England and Lord of Ireland from 1483 until his untimely demise in 1485. His reign marked the tumultuous closure of the Middle Ages in England, culminating in his fatal defeat at the Battle of Bosworth Field in August 1485 at the hands of Henry Tudor. This event also marked the last instance of an English monarch perishing in battle.
Richard's mortal remains were initially interred without ceremony in an unidentified grave. However, their rediscovery in 2012 led to an elaborate scientific process involving radiocarbon dating and DNA analysis to confirm their authenticity. Richard's reburial subsequently took place in Leicester Cathedral in 2015, marking the end of a five-century-long odyssey for the lost king.
Born on 2 October 1452, Richard III was conferred the title of Duke of Gloucester in 1461, following the coronation of his elder brother Edward IV. He married Anne Neville, the daughter of Richard Neville, the 16th Earl of Warwick, in 1472. During Edward IV's reign, Richard was responsible for administering northern England and played a pivotal role in the 1482 invasion of Scotland.
Upon Edward IV's death in April 1483, Richard was appointed as the Lord Protector for Edward's successor, his 12-year-old son, Edward V. Plans were afoot for Edward V's coronation on 22 June 1483. However, before the ceremony could take place, a declaration pronounced the marriage of Edward's parents bigamous and subsequently invalid. This ruling rendered their offspring illegitimate, thus excluding them from the line of succession. On 25 June, Richard was pronounced as the rightful king by an assembly of lords and commoners and was subsequently crowned on 6 July 1483.
Edward V and his younger brother, Richard of Shrewsbury, known as the "Princes in the Tower", disappeared under mysterious circumstances, triggering speculations that they had been assassinated on Richard III's orders. These accusations became particularly prevalent during the subsequent Tudor rule.
Richard's reign was plagued by two significant rebellions. The first, an unsuccessful revolt in October 1483, was led by loyalists of Edward IV and Richard's former ally, the 2nd Duke of Buckingham, Henry Stafford. The second, led by Henry Tudor and his uncle, Jasper Tudor, took place in August 1485. Landing in southern Wales with a contingent of French troops, they amassed an army while traversing Pembrokeshire. Richard's army met its defeat near the town of Market Bosworth in Leicestershire, leading to Richard's death and marking him as the last English king to fall in battle. Following his victory, Henry Tudor ascended to the throne as Henry VII.
In the aftermath of the battle, Richard's corpse was transported to Leicester and buried in a rudimentary grave. Over time, his original tomb monument is believed to have been dismantled during the English Reformation, and his remains were erroneously thought to have been discarded into the River Soar. An archaeological excavation commissioned by the Richard III Society in 2012 led to the discovery of his remains at the site formerly occupied by Grey Friars Priory. The University of Leicester positively identified these remains as Richard III's, following a thorough examination involving radiocarbon dating and DNA analysis. His reinterment in Leicester Cathedral took place on 26 March 2015.
Born at Fotheringhay Castle in Northamptonshire, Richard was the eleventh of twelve children born to Richard, 3rd Duke of York, and Cecily Neville. His formative years coincided with the turbulent 'Wars of the Roses', a period of political instability and intermittent civil war in England during the latter half of the 15th century. This conflict pitted the Yorkists, led by Richard's father, against the Lancastrians who remained loyal to the crown. After his father and elder brother, Edmund, were slain at the Battle of Wakefield in December 1460, Richard and his brother George sought refuge in the Low Countries.
Richard's life underwent a major shift following the Yorkist victory at the Battle of Towton. He participated in the coronation of his eldest brother as King Edward IV on 28 June 1461, during which he was named Duke of Gloucester. Edward IV appointed Richard as the sole Commissioner of Array for the Western Counties in 1464, granting him an independent command by the age of 17.
Richard spent several years under the tutelage of his cousin, Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, commonly known as 'the Kingmaker', at Middleham Castle in Wensleydale, Yorkshire. It was here that Richard likely met his future wife Anne Neville and his staunch supporter, Francis Lovell. Speculations suggest that Warwick may have contemplated matrimonial alliances between his daughters, Isabel and Anne, and the
User: Hi there! I was wondering if you could help me understand more about something I heard recently: semantic web. What exactly is it and how does it work?
AI: Hello! I'd be happy to help explain the concept of the semantic web.
The semantic web, sometimes called "Web 3.0", is an extension of the current web that aims to make information more understandable and usable by computers. It's a vision and initiative led by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), aimed at making the web's content more meaningful and richer for machines, and by extension, humans.
The basic web that we all use every day, also known as the World Wide Web, is designed primarily for humans to read and interpret. However, understanding and making use of all this information automatically and efficiently is a challenging task for computers.
Semantic web technologies aim to structure the web's data in a way that machines can not only read, but also understand and interpret. This is achieved through the use of standardized formats and protocols that help define and interlink data.
Here are some key components of the Semantic Web:
1. Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs): These serve as unique identifiers for resources on the web, which could be anything from a webpage to an individual data point.
2. Resource Description Framework (RDF): This is a standard model for data interchange on the web. It allows data to be structured as simple triples: subject, predicate, and object (e.g., "John (subject) likes (predicate) pizza (object)").
3. Web Ontology Language (OWL): This is a language used to define complex relationships between data and concepts, going beyond the simple subject-predicate-object structure of RDF.
4. SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language (SPARQL): This is a query language for RDF. It enables users to retrieve and manipulate data stored in RDF format.
In summary, the Semantic Web aims to create a universal medium for information exchange by giving meaning (semantics) to the contents of documents on the web, and by linking up related data that wasn't previously linked. This enables a new level of data integration and interoperability on the web.
Richard's mortal remains were initially interred without ceremony in an unidentified grave. However, their rediscovery in 2012 led to an elaborate scientific process involving radiocarbon dating and DNA analysis to confirm their authenticity. Richard's reburial subsequently took place in Leicester Cathedral in 2015, marking the end of a five-century-long odyssey for the lost king.
Born on 2 October 1452, Richard III was conferred the title of Duke of Gloucester in 1461, following the coronation of his elder brother Edward IV. He married Anne Neville, the daughter of Richard Neville, the 16th Earl of Warwick, in 1472. During Edward IV's reign, Richard was responsible for administering northern England and played a pivotal role in the 1482 invasion of Scotland.
Upon Edward IV's death in April 1483, Richard was appointed as the Lord Protector for Edward's successor, his 12-year-old son, Edward V. Plans were afoot for Edward V's coronation on 22 June 1483. However, before the ceremony could take place, a declaration pronounced the marriage of Edward's parents bigamous and subsequently invalid. This ruling rendered their offspring illegitimate, thus excluding them from the line of succession. On 25 June, Richard was pronounced as the rightful king by an assembly of lords and commoners and was subsequently crowned on 6 July 1483.
Edward V and his younger brother, Richard of Shrewsbury, known as the "Princes in the Tower", disappeared under mysterious circumstances, triggering speculations that they had been assassinated on Richard III's orders. These accusations became particularly prevalent during the subsequent Tudor rule.
Richard's reign was plagued by two significant rebellions. The first, an unsuccessful revolt in October 1483, was led by loyalists of Edward IV and Richard's former ally, the 2nd Duke of Buckingham, Henry Stafford. The second, led by Henry Tudor and his uncle, Jasper Tudor, took place in August 1485. Landing in southern Wales with a contingent of French troops, they amassed an army while traversing Pembrokeshire. Richard's army met its defeat near the town of Market Bosworth in Leicestershire, leading to Richard's death and marking him as the last English king to fall in battle. Following his victory, Henry Tudor ascended to the throne as Henry VII.
In the aftermath of the battle, Richard's corpse was transported to Leicester and buried in a rudimentary grave. Over time, his original tomb monument is believed to have been dismantled during the English Reformation, and his remains were erroneously thought to have been discarded into the River Soar. An archaeological excavation commissioned by the Richard III Society in 2012 led to the discovery of his remains at the site formerly occupied by Grey Friars Priory. The University of Leicester positively identified these remains as Richard III's, following a thorough examination involving radiocarbon dating and DNA analysis. His reinterment in Leicester Cathedral took place on 26 March 2015.
Richard III's Early Life
Born at Fotheringhay Castle in Northamptonshire, Richard was the eleventh of twelve children born to Richard, 3rd Duke of York, and Cecily Neville. His formative years coincided with the turbulent 'Wars of the Roses', a period of political instability and intermittent civil war in England during the latter half of the 15th century. This conflict pitted the Yorkists, led by Richard's father, against the Lancastrians who remained loyal to the crown. After his father and elder brother, Edmund, were slain at the Battle of Wakefield in December 1460, Richard and his brother George sought refuge in the Low Countries.
Richard's life underwent a major shift following the Yorkist victory at the Battle of Towton. He participated in the coronation of his eldest brother as King Edward IV on 28 June 1461, during which he was named Duke of Gloucester. Edward IV appointed Richard as the sole Commissioner of Array for the Western Counties in 1464, granting him an independent command by the age of 17.
Richard spent several years under the tutelage of his cousin, Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, commonly known as 'the Kingmaker', at Middleham Castle in Wensleydale, Yorkshire. It was here that Richard likely met his future wife Anne Neville and his staunch supporter, Francis Lovell. Speculations suggest that Warwick may have contemplated matrimonial alliances between his daughters, Isabel and Anne, and the
User: Hi there! I was wondering if you could help me understand more about something I heard recently: semantic web. What exactly is it and how does it work?
AI: Hello! I'd be happy to help explain the concept of the semantic web.
The semantic web, sometimes called "Web 3.0", is an extension of the current web that aims to make information more understandable and usable by computers. It's a vision and initiative led by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), aimed at making the web's content more meaningful and richer for machines, and by extension, humans.
The basic web that we all use every day, also known as the World Wide Web, is designed primarily for humans to read and interpret. However, understanding and making use of all this information automatically and efficiently is a challenging task for computers.
Semantic web technologies aim to structure the web's data in a way that machines can not only read, but also understand and interpret. This is achieved through the use of standardized formats and protocols that help define and interlink data.
Here are some key components of the Semantic Web:
1. Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs): These serve as unique identifiers for resources on the web, which could be anything from a webpage to an individual data point.
2. Resource Description Framework (RDF): This is a standard model for data interchange on the web. It allows data to be structured as simple triples: subject, predicate, and object (e.g., "John (subject) likes (predicate) pizza (object)").
3. Web Ontology Language (OWL): This is a language used to define complex relationships between data and concepts, going beyond the simple subject-predicate-object structure of RDF.
4. SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language (SPARQL): This is a query language for RDF. It enables users to retrieve and manipulate data stored in RDF format.
In summary, the Semantic Web aims to create a universal medium for information exchange by giving meaning (semantics) to the contents of documents on the web, and by linking up related data that wasn't previously linked. This enables a new level of data integration and interoperability on the web.
- Richard III of Englanden.wikipedia.org
